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The recycling of scrapped power batteries is of great significance. Although lithium-ion batteries, which are power batteries, do not contain heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium, and lead, they still cause environmental pollution, increase the pH of the soil, and improper handling may produce toxic gases. Moreover, the metal and electrolyte contained in the power battery may directly cause harm to the human body. For example, cobalt may cause symptoms such as intestinal disorders, deafness, and myocardial ischemia.
The recycling of power batteries not only protects the environment, but also due to the scarcity of resources, the recycling of battery materials has a positive impact on the sustainable development of electric vehicles. Taking cobalt resources as an example, according to the statistics of the Qinghai Salt Lake Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the current global cobalt production is 150,000 tons, of which 80% comes from the recycling of waste materials. At present, 95% of China's cobalt resources rely on imports, and the use of cobalt in batteries has accounted for 69%. Under the current level, by 2020, the development of new energy vehicles will lead to a sharp contradiction between supply and demand of cobalt resources.
In order to regulate the scrap recycling of power batteries, since the beginning of last year, relevant policies have been introduced intensively, but the actual results have been minimal, and the recovery of power batteries has been slow. Data show that in 2015, the cumulative power lithium battery was 20,000 to 40,000 tons, but the corresponding battery recovery rate was only 2%; in 2016, the actual power battery that was put into dismantling and recycling was less than 10,000 tons, and more than 80% of the discarded batteries Still stuck in the car enterprise. In my opinion, there are three main reasons for this problem.
First of all, power battery recycling is difficult. As a part of the car, the power battery has been transferred to the hands of consumers with the sale of the car. Consumers have the right to dispose of it. It is difficult to control whether it can flow into the formal channels. For example, many discarded power batteries flow into private workshops.
Secondly, the scale of power battery recycling is insufficient, and the enthusiasm of enterprises is not high. Since 2015, the new energy vehicle market has begun to explode. Whether it is a new energy vehicle or a power battery, it has not yet entered the stage of large-scale scrapping, so the recovery power of related companies is insufficient.
Thirdly, the economic recovery of battery recycling and disassembly is insufficient, and the overall investment far exceeds the recovery value, and the risk of dismantling is large. The source of decommissioned batteries is complex, and the dismantling process is different, including the differences in different types of battery manufacturing and design processes, the series-parallel group form, battery life, the variety of applied models and usage conditions, etc. Different requirements, resulting in higher disassembly costs.
Therefore, the author suggests that it is first necessary to increase the enthusiasm of consumers to participate. For example, a deposit may be taken to include a battery deposit in the price of a consumer purchasing an electric car, and the deposit may be refunded when the consumer returns the used battery.
Second, we must enhance the enthusiasm of enterprise participation and encourage the development of demolition and recycling enterprises. For example, an environmental management tax is imposed on a battery manufacturer or a tax reduction or exemption is imposed on a used battery disposal company. Although the current number of discarded batteries is relatively small, the initial investment is very large, and the state can adopt appropriate policies to support the development of battery recycling enterprises.
Third, accelerate the standardization of power batteries. There are many kinds of domestic lithium batteries, the battery structure is complicated and there is no uniform standard. If the decommissioned batteries are to be used step by step, they need to be disassembled, sorted and re-grouped. The process is complicated, and the recovered batteries are from different manufacturers, and the specifications are also not exactly. This means that battery grouping may require various design schemes, which will increase the cost of secondary group design and processing costs, resulting in a complicated process of dismantling and recycling, and it is difficult to form an industrialized operation.
Fourth, set corresponding indicators for battery recycling, and establish penalties for non-standard enterprises. Clear incentives and penalties help to urge related companies to complete recycling tasks and improve battery recycling.
In my opinion, the economic problem of power battery recycling can be solved by scale effect. With the increase in the number of electric vehicles, the number of power lithium batteries will be more and more recycled. The scale effect will dilute the processing costs of enterprises, and the economic benefits brought by the use of decommissioned power batteries will gradually emerge.
Demand for power battery recycling will increase
According to the prediction of China Automotive Technology and Research Center, by 2020, the cumulative scrap of power batteries for pure electric (including plug-in) passenger cars and hybrid passenger cars in China will reach 120,000 to 170,000 tons, and with new energy. With the development of automobiles, the demand for recycling of used batteries will become larger and larger.