To establish the basic general definition of the tool for this purpose, discussions and research are usually conducted on the basis of a common external turning tool. Figure 1-4 Shape of cutting part of various tools Figure 1-5 Cutting part of non-removable tool One, the composition of the turning tool The turning tool consists of a cutter head and a holder, as shown in Figure 1-6. The tool holder is the clamping part on the tool. The cutter head is used for cutting and is the cutting part of the cutter. The cutting part of the tool consists of the following parts: 1 . The rake face A γ - the flank face along which the cut metal flows. 2 . Main flank A α - opposite to the transition surface of the workpiece surface. 3 . Sub flank face A α ′ - Face opposite to the machined surface on the workpiece. 4 . The main cutting edge S—the wing edge where the rake face merges with the main flank face, forms the transitional surface on the workpiece and is responsible for the removal of most of the metal. 5. Sub-cutting edge S' - a wing edge where the rake face meets the sub-blank face and cooperates with the main cutting edge to complete the metal removal work to finally form the machined surface of the workpiece. 6 . Tip - A relatively small portion of the cutting edge at the intersection of the major and minor cutting edges. Second, the tool static angle reference system and its coordinate plane The cutting part of the tool is actually a space geometry consisting of front and back flank, cutting edge and tip. In order to determine the spatial position of the geometric elements of the cutting part of the tool, it is necessary to establish a corresponding reference system. The reference system established for this purpose generally has two major categories: one is the reference system for the tool stationary angle; the other is the reference system for the tool work angle. The tool stationary angle reference system and its coordinate plane are described below. (A) Tool Rest Angle Reference System The tool stationary angle reference system is the reference system used to define the geometric parameters of the cutting part of the tool that is used to design, manufacture, sharpen, and measure the tool. It is a reference system established under assumptions. Assumed conditions refer to assumed movement conditions and assumed installation conditions. 1 . Assume that the motion conditions do not consider the feed motion when the reference frame is established, that is, the main motion vector approximation is used to replace the resultant velocity vector of the relative motion between the cutting edge and the workpiece. 2 . Assume that the installation conditions assume that the sharpening of the tool and the mounting reference plane are perpendicular or parallel to the plane of the reference system, and it is assumed that the toolholder centerline is perpendicular to the direction of feed motion. For a turning tool, for example, it is specified that the tool tip is mounted on the height of the center of the workpiece, and the center line of the tool bar is perpendicular to the feed movement direction. It can be seen that the tool's angle of inertia reference system simplifies the cutting motion and establishes a reference system for setting the tool's standard position. (b) Coordinate plane of tool stationary reference system As a spatial reference system, it must have a definite coordinate plane. In the stationary reference frame, there are three such coordinate planes: the base surface (P r ), the cutting plane (P s), and the blade profile (the profile of the cutting edge that can be arbitrarily selected as needed). 1 . Base surface P r The base surface is the plane perpendicular to the main direction of motion assumed by the selected point on the cutting edge. As shown in Figure 1-7b. It is parallel or perpendicular to a plane or axis that the tool is suitable for mounting and positioning during manufacture, sharpening and measurement. For example, for a turning tool, a planer, etc., its base surface P r is defined as being parallel to the bottom surface of the shank; for a rotary tool (such as a milling cutter, a drill, etc.), its base surface P r is through a selected point on the cutting edge and The plane containing the axis. 2 . Cutting plane P s The cutting plane is the plane where the selected point on the cutting edge is tangential to the main cutting edge and perpendicular to the base plane. As shown in Figure 1-7b. In the absence of special circumstances the cutting plane means the main cutting plane. 3 . Cutting edge cutting plane (edge ​​profile) There are four commonly used edge profiles: Figure 1-7 Assumed motion conditions and stationary reference frame (1) Orthogonal plane P o (also called the main section) The orthogonal plane is a plane that passes through the selected point on the cutting edge and is perpendicular to the base plane and the cutting plane at the same time. It is also considered that the orthogonal plane is a plane through which the selected point on the cutting edge is perpendicular to the projection of the major cutting edge on the base surface. As shown in Figure 1-7b. (2) Normal plane P n (also called normal section) The normal plane is the plane perpendicular to the cutting edge through a selected point on the cutting edge. As shown in Figure 1-7b. (3) Assume that the work plane P f (also called the feed profile) assumes that the work plane is a plane passing through the cutting edge at a selected point parallel to the assumed feed motion direction and perpendicular to the base surface. As shown in Figure 1 -7a. (4) Back plane P p (also called cut-depth profile) The back plane refers to the plane passing through the selected point on the cutting edge, perpendicular to the hypothetical work plane and the base plane. As shown in Figure 1 -7a. The above four blade profiles can be selected as needed, and then a total of three planes corresponding to the other two coordinate planes (base surface P r and cutting plane P s ) constitute the corresponding reference frame. For example, the reference system composed of the orthogonal plane P o, the base surface pr, and the cutting plane P s is called the orthogonal plane reference system (P r — P s — P o ), or the main section reference system; and the normal plane P. The reference frame consisting of n, the base surface pr, and the cutting plane ps is called the normal plane reference frame, or the normal section reference frame (P r — P s — P n ); the hypothetical working plane P f, the base plane P r, and The reference system consisting of the cutting plane P s is called the hypothetical work plane reference system, also called the feed section reference system (P r — P s — P f ); from the back plane P p, the base plane P r and the cutting plane P s The composed reference system is called the backplane reference frame, or the depth-depth reference frame (P r — P s — P p ). For the stationary reference frame of the secondary cutting edge, there is also the same coordinate plane described above. For the sake of distinction, “ †may be added above the corresponding symbol. If P o ′ is the orthogonal plane of the secondary cutting edge, the rest is similar.
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Tool static angle reference system and tool static angle
Although there are many kinds of metal cutting tools, their geometry and parameters of the cutting part have a common content. Regardless of the complexity of the tool configuration, their cutting portion is always approximately the outer shape of the cutting part of the outer turning tool. As shown in Figure 1-4, a variety of complex cutters or multi-tooth cutters, take out one of the cutter teeth, and its geometry is equivalent to the tip of a turning tool. With the introduction of the concept of “not regrind†with modern tools, the unity of the cutting part of the tool has gained new development. Many cutting tools with different structures have only one or several “non-rewearing blades†on the cutting part, as shown in Figure 1-5.