Environmental geological problems in mines in China

Every year, China extracts a huge amount of ore and surrounding rock from the surface and the depth of the earth's surface, changing and destroying the natural balance of the earth's surface and the lithosphere, causing the geological environment to constantly change and deteriorate, bringing great benefits to production and people's lives. Big harm. At present, the problems existing in China's mine geological environment are mainly reflected in the following aspects:
I. Mine Wastewater Pollution With the development of mines, the mines discharge a large amount of wastewater. They mainly come from mine drainage in the construction and production of mines. The tailings water formed by adding organic and inorganic chemicals during the washing process, open pit mines and discharges The heap, tailings and vermiculite piles are leached by rainwater, infiltrated with dissolved minerals in the minerals, other industrial and medical, domestic wastewater in the mining area. Most of these polluted wastewaters are untreated, and directly or indirectly pollute surface water, groundwater, and surrounding farmland and land, and further pollute crops. The harmful elements also volatilize and pollute the air.
Our mineral processing waste water, total annual emissions of about 36 million tons, this wastewater is little to achieve "industrial wastewater discharge standards", many containing a concentration of metal ions and many harmful substances, suspended solids far exceeded. Coal and iron ore mines in the karst areas of northern China have to drain 1.2 billion tons of water every year. Most of them are polluted to varying degrees, of which about 30% are treated and used, and others are naturally discharged. A polymetallic deposit in Jiangxi emits acid mine water, causing river water pollution, fish and shrimp disappeared, water plants are not born, river water of 25 kilometers long river can not be used, and soil physical properties deteriorate, causing farmland pollution and damage to crop growth.
Second, the mines drained from the drainage caused by frequent disasters Many mine geological and hydrogeological conditions in China are very complicated, the groundwater must be drained and drained during mining, and even deep drainage, resulting in a series of geological environmental problems , bringing many disasters to mine production.
The first is that mine water inrush accidents continue to occur. The overlying and underlying strata of many deposits in China are rich in limestone, especially in the Lower Carboniferous Permian coal-bearing strata. Not only the coal-bearing strata have strong water-bearing strata, but also the thick Ordovician limestone underneath. With the extension of mining, these deposits have been deep-drained and discharged, resulting in a huge head difference, which caused the coal seam to be threatened by high water pressure (20-60 kg) from the lower limestone groundwater, in some structural fracture zones and septa. Water inrush accidents occurred in the thin water layer, which seriously threatened the life safety of mines and workers. According to statistics, in the main coal mining areas of China for more than 30 years, the whole mine was inundated 58 times due to water inrush, and some flooded wells were 64 times, resulting in economic losses of 2.7 billion yuan. In 1984, the floods in Fangezhuang were opened, and the losses caused by one time were nearly 500 million yuan. In the process of construction of some new wells, the threat of water has not been put into production for a long time, and the design production capacity cannot be achieved. At present, there are more than 130 mines in the main mining bureaus in northern China, which are threatened by water. With the deep mining, the water pressure is increasing and the threat of water inrush is becoming more and more serious. Coal deposits in the northern karst area have a reserve of more than 15 billion tons, and iron ore deposits have more than 800 million tons of reserves, which are difficult to mine due to the threat of water. In recent years, clusters of mining and mining have been arbitrarily excavated, causing the accumulation of water from surface water bodies or abandoned mines into large mines, resulting in flooding of state-owned large mines, which have occurred in coal mines such as Huainan, Shuicheng and Hebi. [next]
Secondly, due to the drainage and drainage, in many karst water-filled mining areas, the ground collapses, seriously affecting the ground construction, transportation and farmland farming and irrigation. Guangdong Fankou Mine found more than 1,600 collapses, covering a range of 5 square kilometers; Hunan's Enkou mine collapsed more than 5,800, covering a range of 20 square kilometers; Anhui Huainan, Shandong Laiwu and the Yangtze River's middle and lower reaches of the non-ferrous metal mines also appeared on the ground Collapse. After the flooding of the Fanzhuang water inrush, there were 11 ground collapse pits near the mining area. Within 10 roads with the water inrush point as the center, the water level dropped by 20--30 meters, making the mine, industrial and domestic water supply. The original system failed, and the lifting pump occurred, resulting in a situation in which water supply could not be achieved.
Thirdly, in some mining areas in China's coastal areas (such as the Fuzhou Bay clay mine, the Jinzhou Bay asbestos mine, etc.), due to the seawater intrusion caused by the drainage of vegetables and vegetables, the scope of its invasion is still expanding, destroying the local fresh water resources, affecting plant growth.
Again, due to drainage, some mines have drained nearby surface waters. Shallow groundwater has not been replenished for a long time, affecting plant growth; some mines have even formed petrochemical and desertification, and the ecological environment has been destroyed. The area of ​​water shortage due to mining is also increasing. For example, Shanxi suffers from water shortage due to mining. In 18 counties and 260,000 people, it is difficult to catch water, and more than 300,000 mu of water has become dry land. Among them, 78,000 mu of cultivated land in Jincheng area has deteriorated, and 45,000 mu. The water has turned into a dry land.
3. Occupation and destruction of a large number of land mining industries occupying and destroying land, including land occupied by mining activities (such as factory buildings, industrial plazas, and mines); transportation services (km, railways, etc.) for mining services, during mining production The land occupied by a large amount of solid waste piled up, as well as ground cracks, deformation and large-scale collapse of the surface due to mining. It is estimated that so far, the land occupied and destroyed by China's mining industry has reached as much as 20 to 30 million mu.
About 90% of the key metal mines in China are open-pit mining. Each year, about 2.2 to 260 million tons of rock and soil are stripped, and open pits and piles of rock (rock) fields invade large mountain villages (forests) and farmland. According to the survey of 28 key open pit mines, only the total area occupied by the dump yard is 67,000 mu, and the new land will be about 6,000 mu each year. In 1985, the national key coal mines had 671 Shishishan, 780 million tons, and increased to 730 and 900 million tons in 1988. In the future, 6800 tons will be newly discharged each year, and the land occupation will continue to be expanded.
In the mine underground mining, due to the fall of the rock, a large area of ​​subsidence (subsidence) accumulated water on the ground, resulting in the abandonment of a large number of good fields and the relocation of the village. According to the survey, in the North China and East China Plain areas, every 10,000 tons of coal will be collapsed by 3 mu of land. At present, it is about 100,000 mu of land per year. It is estimated that by the year 2000, it will collapse 180,000 mu every year. The land collapsed by Kailuan Coal Mine has reached 130,000 mu, Xuzhou Coal Mine has reached 80,000 mu, and Huaibei Coal Mine has 57,000 mu. It is expected that Huaibei Coal Mine will collapse to 120,000 mu in the future. In many villages, all farmland may collapse and become non- The situation of arable land and no villages. In the 43 pairs of mines in Shanxi Province, there are 29 mines with ground collapse, cracks and deformation due to coal mining, covering an area of ​​370,000 mu. [next]
There are fewer people in China, and only 1.3 mu of arable land per capita. For the speed of mine destruction, it must be highly valued and effective measures should be taken to solve it. In addition to minimizing or occupying the land, it is necessary to actively carry out land reclamation, plant crops on reclaimed land, develop forests and build villages, and adapt to the needs of the people to improve their living and ecological environment.
4. Frequent occurrence of geological disasters Many open-pit mines in China often suffer from slope instability, landslides and collapses during the mining process. As Fuxin Haizhou, Pingzhuang open, Fushun West open-air, Liaoning Dagushan iron ore, Hubei Salt Lake River phosphorus ore, have occurred more serious landslide and collapse, ranging from a few hundred cubic meters, as many as hundreds of thousands, Millions of cubic meters, in addition to causing disruption of transportation and production, and damage to nearby buildings, seriously affect the lives of the people.
In the mine, three large slags and tailings are piled up. In addition to occupying a large amount of land, seriously polluting water and soil resources and the atmosphere, landslides, landslides and mudslides often occur, especially in some township collective and individual mining sites, in riverbeds, highways and railways. Side-opening mountain mining, indiscriminate mining, random dumping, often stacking meteorites and even ore in the riverbed, estuary, public (iron) roadside, etc., in case of heavy rain caused by soil erosion, resulting in landslides, mudslides, tailings The meteorites and other rushing into rivers and lakes caused the reservoirs and rivers to be blocked, the floods were not drained, and even the roads and railways were destroyed. The traffic was interrupted, causing serious losses to the national economy. In Shanxi's Yukou iron ore mine, the tailings dam was washed away by floods, forming a disaster similar to the mudslide, which destroyed the 6,000-acre farmland in the downstream and the county. Due to underground mining and ground deformation, the Jinhuashan Coal Mine in Shaanxi caused collapsed landslides and destroyed the facilities of the village and the mining industrial square.
Tailings and vermiculite piles often produce harmful gases naturally and pollute the atmosphere. At present, China coal mine except for some because of the shallow coal seam spontaneous combustion in the outside, there are 88 sub-mountain burning refuse; waste rock piles Xiangtan manganese ore containing pyrite and due to the occurrence of spontaneous combustion and emit harmful gases. In addition, there are many harmful dry wastes in the tailings and meteorite piles. In the windy days, the wind blows into the city and residential areas, affecting people's lives and health.
Gas outburst and explosion is one of the important geological disasters in China's mine production and construction. Coal seams and gas outbursts in coal mines only occur more than 1,000 times per year, and some outstanding strengths are more than 1,000 tons. The intensity and frequency rank first in the world. The damage caused by the gas outburst caused by the gas is amazing.
Among the geological disasters that often occur in mines in China, there are also deformations of the tail rock of the deposit and the collapse of the roof.

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