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International Herald Leader Wang Xiaojie from Beijing The Beijing Olympic Games has created the largest scale of new energy vehicles in the history of the Olympic Games - 500 vehicles. Including 50 lithium battery pure electric buses, 25 hybrid buses, 75 hybrid cars, 20 fuel cell cars and 3 fuel cell buses, and the rest are pure electric venues. This lineup almost represents China's highest level in the field of new energy vehicles.
After the Olympics and Paralympics, where will these cars go?
“The country has spent so much money, definitely not only for the new energy vehicles to display at the Olympic Games, promotion and application is the ultimate goal.†Lin Cheng, deputy director of the Electric Vehicle Engineering Technology Center of Beijing Institute of Technology told the “International Herald Tribuneâ€, “In fact, Since 2000, pure electric buses have begun to operate on the 121 bus lines in Beijing.†At that time, the results of the Beijing Olympics were not announced.
At the "2008 (First) China Green Energy Vehicle Development Summit Forum" held on August 31st, Minister of Science and Technology Wan Gang proposed that China will strive to achieve 10% of the annual automobile production in 2012, that is, about 1 million vehicles will be new. The goal of energy cars. At present, the domestic market share of new energy vehicles is still less than 1%.
Three-pronged approach
The domestic focus on the development of new energy vehicles began in 2001. At that time, the Ministry of Science and Technology invested 880 million yuan in national finance to implement the major special projects for electric vehicles during the “10th Five-Year Plan†period (2001-2005). The project was also included in the 863 Plan. , Wan Gang is the chief scientist and overall group leader of the 863 electric vehicle project. During the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period, the Ministry of Science and Technology launched a larger-scale “Energy-saving and New Energy Vehicle†project. In line with the national long-term development plan, it will continue into 2020, and the investment will be increased to 1.1 billion yuan. According to the plan, new energy vehicles will strive to get out of the lab and put it into commercial use.
At present, China focuses on the development of three types of new energy vehicles: fuel cell vehicles, hybrid vehicles, and pure electric vehicles. Currently in China, the commercialization of the latter two types of vehicles has started, and fuel cell vehicles are still in the experimental stage. The development of biofuel vehicles has not been encouraged by the state.
Among the family of new energy vehicles at home and abroad, the commercial prospects of hybrid vehicles are the most promising. The principle of hybrid vehicles is to adopt traditional internal combustion engines and electric motors as power sources, and to save fuel consumption and reduce carbon emissions through complementary working modes of oil and electricity. Japan’s Toyota and Honda have already achieved mass production of hybrid vehicles. Several kinds of hybrid vehicles independently developed by China have also been tested in more than five years in many cities. As of April this year, more than 100 all-around hybrid sedans and passenger cars have been commercialized in 6 cities across the country. It is expected that the number of hybrid vehicles in China will exceed 50,000 in 2010.
The commercial range of pure electric vehicles is not as wide as that of hybrid vehicles. Due to the battery capacity, pure electric vehicles cannot support high speeds, and pure electric cars are difficult to be recognized by the market. However, it is feasible to promote public transport systems. The United States applies pure electric vehicles to shuttle buses and school buses. The French city of Bordeaux and Paris have also been operating pure electric buses for many years. Overall, however, the commercial scale of pure electric vehicles in the world is still very small.
“In the past two years, the price of oil was low and pure electric vehicles were not taken seriously. However, now that the price of oil has risen, it is an opportunity for pure electric vehicles.†Wang Hewu, an associate professor of automotive engineering at Tsinghua University, told the International Herald Tribune. China's pure electric vehicle technology is at the leading level in the world. This is also a favorable condition for China to promote pure electric vehicles.
The high cost of fuel cell vehicles makes it difficult to get rid of the "model car" status in the short term. The principle of a fuel cell vehicle is to let hydrogen and oxygen act on the catalyst to generate electrical energy through electrochemical reactions in the fuel cell as an energy source for driving the automobile. “At present, there are about 500 fuel cell vehicles in the world that are operating in commercialized form and are mainly rented.†Wang Hewu said that the world has not yet found a way to successfully commercialize fuel cell vehicles. This is where China’s opportunities lie.
Cost resistance
The high cost of new energy vehicles is a bottleneck restricting their commercialization.
The three fuel cell buses displayed at the Olympic Games were jointly developed by Tsinghua University and Beiqi Foton. The cost per bus is more than 3 million yuan, while the current Euro 4 standard traditional low-floor coaches imported from the public transport system are priced only. About 110 million.
However, Wang Hewu said that the bus cost of more than RMB 3 million is already a breakthrough, “three times lower than that of the previous Dyke.†Dike is the one that runs on Beijing 801 bus line from 2006 to 2007. 3 Daimler Chrysler fuel cell vehicles. This is a demonstration project for the commercialization of fuel cell buses jointly funded and implemented by the Chinese government, the Global Environment Fund and the United Nations Development and Planning Agency.
"The key to reducing costs is to reduce the use of fuel cells. Daik uses only fuel cells. Our vehicles use batteries and fuel cells in combination," said Wang Hewu. The 1 kilowatt fuel cell cost about $2,000. The cost of the bus accounts for about half of the cost of buses. "In the world, China adopted this technology earlier."
The cost of a pure electric bus is a lot lower than that of a fuel cell car. It is not a battery. It is between 1.1 million and 1.2 million yuan, which is similar to an ordinary passenger car. But if you count a lithium battery, the price will increase by 400,000 to 600,000. yuan. However, Lin Cheng believes that in the long run, the use of pure electric passenger cars is still worthwhile, because in the future promotion may not require bus companies to buy batteries, but the state buys the next battery, and then leased to the bus company, due to low energy consumption, cost It is easy to recover.
"Like Olympic cars, at a maximum speed of 80 km/h, it consumes 1.2 degrees per kilometer. Calculating the current electricity price, 100 kilometers consume less than 50 yuan, and conventional buses can consume 40 liters per 100 kilometers. For 6.2 yuan per liter, the price (248 yuan) is several times higher, and the cost of motor maintenance is lower than that of diesel.†Lin Cheng said that the commercial use of pure electric buses depends heavily on the government’s promotion. “If it is driven by the government, Pure electric buses can achieve mass production, the cost of lithium batteries can be reduced to 20,000 to 300,000, and pure electric buses can be charged at night, so the low-level electricity of Beijing grid can be saved.â€
technical challenge
Compared with the high cost, the technical level is a more fundamental obstacle to limiting the commercial use of new energy vehicles, because technology is the key factor in determining costs.
In the case of hybrid vehicles, although the domestic market is very promising, it does not mean that domestic cars are favored - the fact that China lacks the core technology of hybrid vehicles is an objective reality. China has not yet formed a reliable supply chain for hybrid components, and key components such as hybrid motors, controllers, and batteries still rely on imports. Although FAW, Chang'an, Chery and Dongfeng Motor have all released their own hybrid vehicles, their fuel-saving rate is generally around 20%, which is hardly comparable to that of their foreign counterparts.
In the case of a low level of technology, it is difficult to win the hybrid brand on low prices alone. Moreover, domestic cars on the price may not have obvious advantages. The price of the Chery A5 hybrid has recently dropped to 58,000 yuan, and Honda said The mixed-use sedan that will be launched next year is only RMB 61,600.
For fuel cell vehicles, if you want to further reduce costs, you must pass through the core technology. "The fuel cell has a very key layer of film. Its role is to separate hydrogen and oxygen, and let the hydrogen off the electrons, so that protons pass through the membrane, and electrons and oxygen combine into water, but this membrane cannot be produced in China." Wang Hewu It said that this technology is in the hands of companies in Europe, America and Japan. "This membrane is very expensive. For the domestic institutions that research fuel cells, the cost of membrane purchase accounts for more than half of the research funding."
The situation for pure electric vehicles is different. "In the automotive field, China's only leading technology in the world can be said in the field of pure electric passenger cars." Lin Cheng said that China's development of pure electric passenger car technology is very early, which also goes back 19 years. In 1989, Sun Fengchun, the current vice president of the Beijing Institute of Technology, returned to Germany and felt that it was difficult for China to make a difference in the traditional automotive field. He proposed the development of pure electric buses. At first, China’s related technologies did not lead. In 1994, Beijing Institute of Technology and the United States Westinghouse jointly developed China's first pure electric passenger car, and the core technology - electric drive system in the hands of the United States. After four years of research, China broke the monopoly of foreign technology. In the Bibbiden International Clean Energy Vehicle Challenge in October 2004, the purely electric vehicles developed by the Beijing Institute of Technology team consume only 0.66 degrees per kilometer, while the electric cars in France, Germany, etc. consume electricity per kilometer. More degrees.
"Olympic vehicles have more advanced performance than the 121-way demonstration vehicles." Lin Cheng introduced that the 121-passenger vehicle uses the vehicle charging method. It takes four to five hours to charge one time and is guaranteed to run for 220 kilometers. However, the Olympic cars have been replaced. The battery way guarantees the power supply so that the passenger car can run without interruption. The research team also developed a technology for rapid battery replacement in 5 to 8 minutes. For this purpose, a site with 5,000 square meters of battery replacement was set up in the Olympic Village. Thailand has already expressed its desire to purchase pure electric vehicles in China, and Nissan Motor Co. Ltd. wants to introduce robot replacement technology. However, how to improve the battery capacity of pure electric vehicles is still a difficult problem to be solved in China and even in the world.
Call for more government support
The Olympic Games is an opportunity for China to display and develop new energy vehicles. Lin Cheng believes that the extent to which new energy vehicles can be promoted in the future will depend on the government's policy support.
"It is very necessary to promote electric vehicles in the public transportation system." Lin Cheng said. Some people have done a statistic: There are 25,000 buses in Beijing. If they are all switched to pure electric buses, they can save more than 300,000 tons of crude oil and reduce the emission of 1.05 million tons of carbon dioxide each year. Lin Cheng also revealed to reporters that as one of the review experts, he is participating in the project of "Ten Thousand Cars in Ten Cities" - selecting ten demonstration cities and running 1,000 new energy vehicles in each city.
China's auto manufacturers are also extremely anxious to expect the country to increase support for new energy vehicles. During the two sessions this year, Yin Jiaxu, general manager of China Southern Industrial Automobile Co., Ltd. and chairman of Chongqing Chang'an Automobile Co., Ltd., submitted the "Proposal to Support the Industrialization of Self-Brand Hybrid Electric Vehicles," which mentioned that the country has yet to provide specific support. The policy guides and promotes the industrialization of hybrid vehicles. Moreover, due to the general high selling price of hybrid vehicles, it is difficult for consumers to buy without government-subsidized tax policies and subsidies for financial funds; in addition, the lack of industry standards and regulations Seriously affected the development of domestic hybrid vehicles. Yin Jiaxu suggested that while the state gives certain subsidies and establishes industry rules, it must also give full play to the pulling role of the government’s auto purchases, increase the purchase volume of hybrid vehicles by government departments, and form a consumption demonstration effect.
When it comes to policy support, Wang Hewu thinks of another aspect. "Now China's electric bicycles and motorcycles are developing rapidly, but electric vehicles are developing very slowly. We can imagine that maybe we can develop an upgraded version of electric bicycles and motorcycles. Three people, Tsinghua and the enterprise jointly produced this car last year. But the current policy is to not allow this small car to go on the road." Wang Hewu believes that this kind of "Tata NANO" mini-electric vehicle completely exists Necessary, so the government needs to carry out research on this, and it should not be "killed" indiscriminately.